Which of the following is NOT a way adults differ in learning according to Knowles?

In the context of adult learning principles outlined by Malcolm Knowles, self-direction, orientation to learning, and readiness to learn are all core characteristics that distinguish how adults learn compared to children.

Self-direction refers to the ability of adults to take the initiative in their own learning journeys, often seeking out resources and creating their own learning plans. Orientation to learning highlights that adults are typically problem-centered in their learning, seeking knowledge that can immediately apply to real-life situations. Readiness to learn indicates that adults become ready to learn when they see that the knowledge or skills will help them effectively deal with their current life situations or professional challenges.

On the other hand, preference for visual aids, while it may influence the effectiveness of learning for some individuals, is not a fundamental concept that distinguishes adult learners specifically in the framework proposed by Knowles. The emphasis on methods or tools, like visual aids, falls into individual preferences rather than the inherent characteristics of adults as learners. Therefore, this concept does not align with the key adult learning principles established by Knowles.